Which machine learning innovation did Spotify introduce in 2015 that revolutionized music recommendation by analyzing audio characteristics rather than just user behavior?

The music industry has been transformed by streaming technology and machine learning algorithms. These innovations have changed how we discover music, how artists reach audiences, and how revenue flows through the industry. This trivia question explores a significant technological advancement that changed how streaming platforms recommend music to listeners.

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The Echo Nest acquisition
Convolutional Neural Networks for album art analysis
Audio analysis with deep neural networks (now known as Spotify's audio fingerprinting)