Which machine learning technique revolutionized product recommendation systems in e-commerce by analyzing the 'latent factors' that influence consumer preferences?

The application of machine learning in retail has revolutionized how businesses understand consumer behavior and optimize operations. From inventory management to personalized recommendations, ML algorithms are transforming the retail landscape. This trivia question focuses on a significant scientific breakthrough in retail machine learning that changed how products are recommended to consumers.

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Matrix Factorization
Random Forest Classification
Convolutional Neural Networks
K-means Clustering