Which ancient civilization first developed the concept of 'brand loyalty' by using distinctive seals or marks on products to guarantee quality and origin?

Before modern digital commerce, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated marketing strategies to promote their goods. From the bustling marketplaces of Mesopotamia to the trade centers of Rome and China, merchants used various techniques to attract customers and build loyalty. This poll explores how ancient civilizations pioneered marketing concepts that still influence retail strategies today.

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Ancient Egypt, with royal cartouches on goods indicating pharaonic approval
Mesopotamia, with cylinder seals used by merchants to mark their goods
Ancient Greece, with amphora pottery marked with distinctive symbols of city-states
Roman Empire, with official stamps (sigillum) to certify products throughout the empire