Which mathematical technique was the foundation for Amazon's recommendation engine that reportedly generated 35% of their sales through 'customers who bought this also bought' features?

In the world of retail data analytics, mathematical models play a crucial role in extracting actionable insights from vast amounts of consumer data. This poll tests your knowledge about a specific mathematical technique that revolutionized how retailers understand purchase patterns. Can you identify the correct mathematical approach that transformed retail analytics?

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian probability networks
Random forest classification trees
Linear regression with gradient descent