Which mathematical concept forms the foundation of Amazon's collaborative filtering algorithm used in their 'Customers who bought this also bought' recommendation system?

E-commerce platforms rely heavily on mathematical algorithms to optimize various aspects of the online shopping experience. From recommendation systems to inventory management, mathematics plays a crucial role in creating efficient and profitable online retail environments. This trivia question explores how major e-commerce platforms leverage specific mathematical concepts to enhance their product recommendation systems.

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Matrix factorization (SVD - Singular Value Decomposition)
Bayesian probability networks
Markov decision processes
Neural tensor networks