Which famous retailer first implemented 'dynamic pricing algorithms' based on calculus principles for real-time price optimization in physical stores?

The intersection of mathematics and retail has revolutionized how products are developed, marketed, and sold. From inventory optimization algorithms to predictive analytics for consumer behavior, mathematical principles underpin modern retail strategies. This trivia question explores a groundbreaking retail innovation that specifically leveraged mathematical concepts to transform the shopping experience. Test your knowledge about how mathematical principles have been applied to create smarter retail environments!

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Amazon Go (with their 'Just Walk Out' technology incorporating mathematical modeling for inventory tracking)
Target (with their 'Differential Pricing System' using multivariate calculus for regional price optimization)
Walmart (with their 'Mathematical Markdown Optimization' using differential equations to predict price elasticity)
Kroger (with their 'Quantitative Edge' system using stochastic calculus for personalized pricing)