Which controversial pricing strategy helped Waters Corporation dominate the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) market in the 1990s, despite intense competition from lower-priced alternatives?

In the competitive world of scientific equipment and research tools, pricing strategies can make or break a product's success. Companies must balance innovation costs with market accessibility, especially when targeting academic institutions, research facilities, and biotech startups. This trivia question explores a fascinating pricing phenomenon specific to scientific laboratory equipment that defied conventional market wisdom.

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Premium pricing with value-based tiering (charging premium prices but offering different feature tiers for different research budgets)
Freemium model (giving basic instruments for free while charging for consumables and advanced features)
Dynamic subscription pricing (monthly fees that adjusted based on usage patterns and research output)
Loss leader strategy (selling HPLC systems below cost to profit from proprietary column sales)