Which ancient civilization pioneered the concept of 'brand management' by requiring merchants to stamp or seal their products with maker's marks that served as quality guarantees?

The ancient world had sophisticated retail systems long before modern commerce. From bustling Roman marketplaces to complex Mesopotamian trade networks, ancient civilizations developed innovative retail strategies that sometimes mirror our own. This trivia poll explores how ancient merchants marketed and sold their products, and how these practices influenced modern retail concepts.

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Ancient Rome, where the 'ex officina' (from the workshop of) stamp became a mark of authenticity
Ancient Egypt, where pharaohs authorized specific symbols for royal-approved goods
Phoenician traders, who developed colored dye marks to indicate product origins across the Mediterranean
The Indus Valley Civilization, whose merchants used standardized seals for trade certification