Which psychological retail strategy was famously employed by Roman merchants to create customer loyalty in their marketplaces?

Before modern retail strategies and digital marketing, ancient civilizations had their own sophisticated understanding of consumer psychology. Merchants in these ancient societies developed remarkable techniques to build customer loyalty and drive sales in their bustling marketplaces. This trivia question explores how ancient traders used psychological principles that still influence modern commerce today.

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Tessera fidelitatis (loyalty tokens) - clay tokens given to repeat customers that could be exchanged for discounts on future purchases
Emptio specialis (special purchase) - limited-time offers announced by town criers to create urgency among shoppers
Mercator familiaris (familiar merchant) - having the same seller always serve returning customers to build personal relationships
Pretium decrescens (declining price) - gradually reducing prices on goods as the market day progressed to encourage strategic shopping