What retail store layout technique is known as the 'Gruen Transfer' and is widely used by major retailers to increase impulse purchases?

Store layouts are carefully engineered to influence shopping behavior and maximize sales. From the strategic placement of essential items to the calculated width of aisles, every element serves a purpose. This poll tests your knowledge of retail spatial psychology and how store designs subtly guide customers through their shopping journey. Can you identify which layout technique major retailers use to increase unplanned purchases?

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The moment shoppers become disoriented in a store due to intentional layout complexity, causing them to lose track of their original shopping purpose
The practice of placing high-margin items at eye level while positioning lower-margin necessities on bottom shelves
The strategic positioning of essential items (like milk) at the back of stores to force customers to walk through the entire space
The use of narrower aisles in the center of the store to slow customer movement and increase product exposure time