Which historic event in the 1930s is credited with establishing the foundation of modern consumer behavior analysis in retail?

The study of consumer behavior has evolved dramatically throughout history, transforming how retailers understand their customers. Before sophisticated analytics tools existed, pioneering merchants and researchers developed groundbreaking methods to track and predict consumer preferences. This poll explores a pivotal moment in the development of modern consumer behavior analysis that changed retail strategy forever.

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The Hawthorne Studies, which revealed how consumer awareness of being observed affected purchasing patterns
The Great Depression, which forced retailers to understand psychological factors in spending during economic hardship
The Radio Market Research Bureau's establishment, which first tracked consumer media preferences
The Columbia Broadcasting System's implementation of the first household product preference surveys