Which accidental invention, originally created to help computers remember previously visited web pages, revolutionized digital marketing by enabling personalized tracking of consumer behavior?

In the world of digital marketing, certain technological discoveries have completely transformed how companies reach consumers. Sometimes these breakthroughs came from unexpected places or were initially developed for entirely different purposes. This trivia question explores one such pivotal innovation that changed the landscape of digital advertising and consumer targeting forever.

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HTTP cookies, invented by Lou Montulli at Netscape in 1994
QR codes, invented by Masahiro Hara at Denso Wave in 1994
Pixel tracking, invented by Douglas Engelbart at SRI in 1988
Browser fingerprinting, invented by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1991