Which mathematical technique is MOST commonly used as the foundation for product recommendation systems in major e-commerce platforms?

In today's digital retail landscape, recommendation algorithms drive significant revenue for e-commerce platforms. These sophisticated mathematical models analyze customer behavior and predict future purchases. But how well do you understand the mathematical foundations behind the product recommendations you see while shopping online? Test your knowledge about the intersection of mathematics and e-commerce recommendation systems in this challenging trivia question!

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Matrix Factorization (Collaborative Filtering)
Bayesian Networks (Probabilistic Graphical Models)
Fourier Transforms (Frequency Analysis)
Monte Carlo Markov Chains (Stochastic Sampling)