Which pricing strategy was primarily used to fund the James Webb Space Telescope, allowing it to overcome massive budget overruns while maintaining stakeholder support?

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) represents one of humanity's most ambitious and expensive scientific endeavors. Its development involved complex pricing strategies, funding mechanisms, and value propositions to stakeholders across multiple countries and space agencies. Test your knowledge about how this revolutionary astronomy tool was financed and how its pricing strategy evolved through its long development cycle.

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Value-based pricing - justified by the telescope's unique capabilities to answer fundamental questions about the universe that no other instrument could address
Penetration pricing - initially underpricing the project to secure approval, then gradually increasing the budget as development progressed
Dynamic pricing - adjusting costs quarterly based on technological breakthroughs and competitive offerings from other space agencies
Bundle pricing - combining the telescope project with multiple smaller astronomy initiatives to distribute costs and increase perceived value