Which mathematical concept is primarily used in modern retail store layouts to optimize customer flow and maximize exposure to high-margin products?

In today's data-driven retail environment, mathematics plays a crucial role in optimizing store layouts and maximizing sales. Sophisticated algorithms analyze customer flow patterns, product placement effectiveness, and purchase correlations to design store layouts that enhance the shopping experience while increasing revenue. How well do you understand the mathematical principles behind modern retail space optimization?

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Graph theory and network flow algorithms
Differential calculus and rate optimization
Bayesian probability and stochastic processes
Linear algebra and eigenvalue decomposition