Which mathematical algorithm is primarily used by Amazon's product recommendation system that revolutionized the 'Customers who bought this also bought' feature?

E-commerce platforms rely heavily on sophisticated mathematical algorithms to power their recommendation systems. These algorithms analyze user behavior, purchase history, and preferences to suggest products that customers are likely to buy. Understanding the mathematical foundations behind these systems can provide valuable insights into how modern online shopping experiences are personalized.

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Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering
K-means Clustering
Neural Network Deep Learning
Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)