Which ancient civilization pioneered the concept of 'brand seals' on products as an early form of product authentication and brand management?

Before modern shopping malls and e-commerce, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated retail systems and product design approaches that still influence commerce today. This poll explores how ancient societies approached product design and retail strategy, revealing the surprising sophistication of early marketplaces. Test your knowledge about the innovative retail practices that emerged thousands of years before digital price tags and loyalty programs!

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Mesopotamia (using cylinder seals to mark ownership and authenticity of goods)
Ancient Egypt (using hieroglyphic cartouches on luxury items)
Indus Valley (using square stamps on pottery for merchant identification)
Ancient China (using wax seals with family crests on silk products)