Which mathematical algorithm fundamentally transformed Amazon's product recommendation system, leading to an estimated 35% increase in sales through enhanced customer experience?

In today's data-driven world, mathematics plays a crucial role in retail customer analytics. Companies leverage sophisticated mathematical models to understand consumer behavior, optimize pricing strategies, and predict future purchasing patterns. This trivia question explores how a specific mathematical concept revolutionized one company's approach to customer analytics and dramatically improved their business outcomes.

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian probability networks
Markov decision processes
Neural network-based deep learning (pre-2010)