Which mathematical model revolutionized retail data analytics by using geometric distance calculations to identify similarities in consumer preferences, enabling the 'customers who bought X also bought Y' recommendation systems?

Data analytics has revolutionized how retailers understand customer behavior and optimize operations. Mathematical models provide the foundation for these powerful analytical tools. This trivia question explores a specific mathematical technique that transformed how retailers predict customer purchasing patterns - a method that combines both statistical prowess and practical business application.

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K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Algorithm
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Simulation
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Fourier Transform Frequency Analysis