Which military technology development directly led to the encryption standards that made e-commerce financially secure enough for widespread consumer adoption in the 1990s?

The military sector has influenced numerous retail and e-commerce innovations that consumers use daily. From secure online payment protocols to inventory tracking systems, military technology has found its way into the commercial retail space. This poll explores one fascinating connection between military history and modern retail security practices that revolutionized e-commerce platforms and consumer trust in online shopping.

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The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
Public Key Cryptography research by the NSA and GCHQ in the 1970s
Military GPS technology developed during the Gulf War
RFID technology initially used for aircraft identification