Which of these inventions, first patented in 1952, is considered the foundation of modern retail digital transformation and e-commerce?

The digital transformation of retail has revolutionized how consumers interact with brands and make purchases. Behind these innovations are pioneering technologies that fundamentally changed the retail landscape. This poll tests your knowledge about a significant invention that transformed the retail industry and paved the way for modern e-commerce as we know it today.

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The barcode scanner, which enabled automated checkout and inventory tracking
The electronic point-of-sale system (EPOS), which digitized cash registers
The magnetic stripe card reader, which enabled electronic payment processing
The electronic anti-theft tag, which revolutionized retail security