Which mathematical technique revolutionized retail inventory management by introducing the concept of 'safety stock' based on probability distributions?

The retail industry has been transformed by advanced mathematical models and algorithms that drive data analytics. These mathematical frameworks help retailers understand customer behavior, optimize inventory, and make strategic decisions. From simple statistical methods to complex machine learning algorithms, mathematics plays a crucial role in modern retail data analytics. Test your knowledge about how mathematical innovations have shaped retail analytics tools!

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Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model developed by Ford W. Harris in 1913
Monte Carlo simulation developed by John von Neumann in the 1940s
Fibonacci sequence applied to stock levels by Leonardo Fibonacci in 1202
Newton-Raphson optimization method adapted for retail by Isaac Newton in 1669