Which pricing strategy has become the dominant model for advanced scientific equipment manufacturers in the last decade?

The scientific equipment market operates on unique pricing strategies that often puzzle researchers and procurement specialists alike. High-precision instruments can vary dramatically in cost based on several factors beyond simple manufacturing expenses. This trivia question explores the primary driver behind scientific equipment pricing models that has emerged in recent years, challenging your understanding of how modern scientific tools are valued in the marketplace.

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Value-based pricing (pricing based on perceived research value rather than production costs)
Cost-plus pricing (fixed percentage markup over manufacturing costs)
Penetration pricing (deliberately low prices to gain market share)
Bundle pricing (forcing purchase of accessories with main equipment)