Which mathematical algorithm revolutionized e-commerce by enabling Amazon's famous 'customers who bought this also bought' recommendation system?

The intersection of mathematics and e-commerce has revolutionized how retailers analyze customer behavior, optimize pricing strategies, and enhance the online shopping experience. From recommendation algorithms to predictive analytics, mathematical models power the most successful e-commerce platforms today. This trivia question explores a significant mathematical innovation that transformed online retail. Test your knowledge about how mathematical concepts have been applied to solve complex e-commerce challenges!

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian probability scoring
Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) simulation
Gradient boosting decision trees