Which of the following is NOT one of the four main causes of the Bullwhip Effect in retail inventory management?

The 'Bullwhip Effect' is a critical phenomenon in retail supply chain management that can significantly impact inventory levels and costs. This distortion occurs when small changes in consumer demand lead to increasingly larger fluctuations in inventory as you move further up the supply chain, similar to how a small flick of a bullwhip causes progressively larger movements along its length. How well do you understand this key retail inventory management concept?

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Demand forecast updating (retailers adjusting forecasts based on perceived demand patterns)
Order batching (retailers placing orders in batches rather than based on actual consumption)
Regional pricing variations (different market-based pricing across geographic regions)
Price fluctuations (retailers stocking up during promotions, creating artificial demand spikes)