Which e-commerce innovation first allowed authors to self-publish e-books directly to consumers, bypassing traditional publishers and creating a new retail model for literature?

The publishing industry has undergone radical transformation in how literature reaches consumers. From traditional bookstores to e-commerce platforms, the journey of books from publisher to reader has evolved dramatically. This poll tests your knowledge about a pivotal moment in book retail history that changed how millions access literature and significantly disrupted traditional bookstores and publishing models.

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Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) platform, launched in 2007
Apple's iBooks Author program, launched in 2012
Barnes & Noble's PubIt! (later Nook Press) platform, launched in 2010
Kobo Writing Life platform, launched in 2012