Which major retailer first implemented a mathematically optimized 'predictive analytics' loyalty program that used differential equations to forecast customer lifetime value?

In the world of retail, mathematics plays a crucial role in optimizing everything from inventory management to customer experiences. One particularly innovative application emerged when a famous retailer decided to leverage advanced mathematical algorithms to revolutionize their customer loyalty program. This poll tests your knowledge about this groundbreaking retail-mathematics intersection that changed how rewards programs calculate customer value.

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Kroger with their 'Quantum Value' program (2015)
Target with their 'Predictive Guest Value' system (2011)
Walmart with their 'Dynamic Customer Calculus' platform (2013)
Amazon with their 'Prime Trajectory Algorithm' (2012)