Which ancient civilization first widely used merchant 'seals' on products as quality guarantees, creating one of history's earliest forms of brand loyalty?

Before modern marketing and retail strategies, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated commercial systems that fostered brand recognition and customer loyalty. From the stamped maker's marks of Mesopotamian pottery to the branded goods of Roman merchants, ancient societies understood the value of product differentiation and repeat customers. This trivia question explores how one major ancient civilization pioneered concepts we now recognize as foundational to brand loyalty.

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Ancient Egypt, where pharaonic emblems on goods indicated royal approval and guaranteed quality
Mesopotamia (particularly Babylon), where cylinder seals stamped on clay tablets served as merchant signatures and product authenticity marks
Ancient Greece, where amphora pottery was marked with distinctive symbols to identify wine and olive oil producers
Ancient China, where Han Dynasty merchants used personalized chops (stamps) to mark their textiles and ceramics