Which geographic market research innovation has had the biggest impact on helping retailers determine optimal new store locations?

Market research in the geography sector has evolved dramatically with new technologies and methodologies. This poll tests your knowledge about how geographic information systems (GIS) and location-based analytics have transformed market research for retail businesses, helping them make more informed decisions about store locations, customer targeting, and regional product preferences. How well do you understand the intersection of geography and modern market research techniques?

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Gravity modeling using mobile device movement patterns
Weather pattern correlation analysis
Geological formation mapping for construction suitability
Political boundary prediction algorithms