Which retail layout technique is known as the 'Gruen Transfer' and is widely used by retailers to increase unplanned purchases?

Retailers carefully design their store layouts to influence customer behavior and maximize sales. From the placement of essential items to the width of aisles, every aspect is strategically planned. This poll tests your knowledge about a fascinating psychological tactic used in retail store design that has been scientifically proven to impact consumer spending patterns. Can you identify the correct retail layout strategy from among these options?

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The disorienting design of stores that removes external time/weather cues and uses carefully planned layouts to transition shoppers from purposeful buying to impulse purchasing
The placement of essential items at the back of stores to force customers to walk past non-essential items, increasing exposure to potential impulse buys
The technique of positioning luxury items next to extremely expensive ones to make the luxury items seem reasonably priced by comparison
The strategic use of narrow aisles in high-traffic areas to slow customer movement and increase product interaction time