Which ancient civilization first used distinctive clay seals as product branding on merchandise to guarantee authenticity and origin of goods?

Before modern shopping malls and online stores, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated retail systems that laid the groundwork for many practices we see today. From specialized marketplaces in Mesopotamia to elaborate trade networks in Rome, these early retail innovations shaped how products were presented, marketed, and sold. This trivia question explores how ancient merchants created some of the first examples of product branding and retail identity in human history.

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Ancient Egypt - using pharaonic cartouches on luxury goods
Mesopotamia - using cylinder seals on trade containers
Ancient Greece - using amphora maker's marks on olive oil jars
Roman Empire - using stamped insignias on official merchandise