Which invention first enabled retailers to systematically collect and analyze large volumes of individual customer purchase data, revolutionizing retail analytics?

The world of retail has been transformed by numerous technological inventions and discoveries over the decades. One particular innovation revolutionized how retailers understand customer behavior, leading to the modern data-driven retail landscape we experience today. This poll tests your knowledge about a pivotal technological breakthrough that fundamentally altered retail analytics and customer insights. Can you identify the invention that first enabled large-scale automated collection of consumer purchase data?

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The UPC barcode scanner (1974), which allowed mass digitization of transaction data beyond simple sales totals
The electronic cash register (1906), which provided the first automated sales data collection system
The store loyalty card (1981), which was the first technology to link individual customers to their purchases
The IBM 305 RAMAC computer (1956), which first enabled digital storage of customer records and preferences