Which retail pricing innovation, first used in 1974 at a Marsh supermarket in Ohio, transformed retail by allowing automated price scanning and inventory tracking?

Before the 1970s, retail pricing was a manual, labor-intensive process. Store employees individually marked each item with price stickers, and cashiers manually entered prices at checkout. This system was not only inefficient but prone to errors. A retail innovation would forever change how products were priced and sold, revolutionizing the entire industry and setting the foundation for modern retail analytics and personalization capabilities we take for granted today.

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Universal Product Code (UPC barcode)
Electronic Shelf Labels (ESL)
RFID price tags
NCR's Electronic Cash Register System