Which ancient civilization first used standardized merchant seals as an early form of brand identity, allowing customers to identify authentic products from specific traders?

Before modern logos and brand strategies, ancient civilizations had sophisticated systems for product identification and merchant recognition. From pottery maker's marks in Mesopotamia to distinctive shop signs in Roman cities, these early branding elements helped establish merchant reputation and product authenticity. This poll explores how ancient civilizations approached what we now call 'brand identity' in their marketplaces and trading centers.

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Indus Valley Civilization (circa 2600-1900 BCE), which used unique carved steatite seals to mark goods and identify merchant ownership
Ancient Egypt (circa 3100 BCE), which used pharaonic cartouches as product authentication marks on marketplace goods
Ancient Greece (circa 800 BCE), which pioneered amphora maker's marks as the first standardized product branding system
Ancient Rome (circa 500 BCE), which developed the tessera system of merchant identification tokens for marketplace transactions