Which ancient civilization pioneered the use of merchant seals as an early form of brand identification and product authentication?

Before modern shopping malls and e-commerce, ancient civilizations created sophisticated retail systems that shaped commerce for millennia. These early marketplaces weren't just places of trade—they were centers of innovation, cultural exchange, and branding techniques that would be recognizable to modern marketers. Test your knowledge about the retail strategies and brand development methods that helped ancient merchants stand out in the bustling agoras, forums, and bazaars of antiquity.

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Mesopotamians (c. 3500 BCE), who used cylindrical seals to mark ownership and authenticity of goods
Ancient Egyptians (c. 3000 BCE), who used hieroglyphic cartouches to designate royal-approved products
Phoenicians (c. 1500 BCE), who developed colored dye stamps to differentiate merchant families
Ancient Greeks (c. 800 BCE), who used amphora potter marks as indicators of wine and olive oil quality