Which inventory management innovation, developed during WWII for military logistics, is considered the precursor to modern retail barcode systems and revolutionized supply chain visibility?

World War II transformed military logistics and supply management in ways that still influence modern retail operations. The massive scale of global conflict required unprecedented innovations in inventory tracking, distribution networks, and supply chain management. This poll explores a groundbreaking retail logistics innovation from WWII that revolutionized how military supplies were tracked and distributed, ultimately influencing civilian retail practices for decades to come.

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IBM's Hollerith punch card system for supply tracking
The Quartermaster's Manual Ledger System (QMLS)
Churchill's Radio Frequency Identification Protocol
Eisenhower's Standardized Inventory Notation (SIN) codes