Which ancient civilization first implemented a formal customer loyalty program, offering clay tablets that functioned similarly to modern loyalty cards?

While we often think of retail as a modern concept, ancient civilizations pioneered sophisticated commercial practices that laid the foundation for today's shopping experiences. From the bustling markets of Mesopotamia to the complex trade networks of Rome, these early retail innovations shaped consumer behavior and commerce for millennia. This trivia question examines how ancient civilizations approached customer retention in their earliest commercial exchanges.

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Babylonians, who gave regular customers marked clay tokens redeemable for discounts on future purchases
Egyptians, who maintained papyrus records of noble households' preferences and offered customized goods to repeat buyers
Romans, who issued bronze tesserae to patrician families that entitled them to preferential treatment in certain shops
Phoenicians, who carved wooden tally sticks to track customer purchases and reward high-volume traders with priority access