Which mathematical technique revolutionized online retail customer experience by enabling the famous recommendation system 'Customers who bought this also bought...'?

In today's retail landscape, mathematics plays a crucial role in enhancing customer experience through predictive analytics, recommendation engines, and personalization algorithms. Major retailers employ sophisticated mathematical models to understand customer behavior and improve satisfaction. This poll tests your knowledge about how mathematical innovations are transforming the customer experience in retail environments.

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian probability networks
Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations
Euclidean distance clustering