Which ancient civilization first developed a widespread system of merchant seals as an early form of brand identity to guarantee product authenticity and origin?

Before modern retail and digital marketing, ancient civilizations had their own sophisticated methods for product differentiation and merchant identification. This trivia explores how early civilizations developed the precursors to modern brand identity through distinctive markings, seals, and commercial practices that helped establish trust and recognition in ancient marketplaces from Mesopotamia to Rome.

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Mesopotamia (specifically ancient Sumer)
Ancient Egypt
Han Dynasty China
Classical Greece