In retail architecture, which layout strategy is known as the 'Gruen Transfer' and is deliberately designed to disorient customers to increase time spent in store?

In architectural retail design, specific strategies are employed to influence customer movement and purchasing behavior. From carefully planned layouts to strategic visual merchandising, architects and retailers collaborate to create spaces that optimize the shopping experience. This trivia question explores a key concept in retail architecture that has been proven to impact customer behavior and sales.

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The forced-path layout that guides customers through a predetermined route (like IKEA)
The removal of external time cues (windows, clocks) and creation of a deliberately confusing layout to encourage impulse purchases
The clustering of complementary products in adjacent displays to encourage multiple purchases
The creation of 'decompression zones' at entrances to slow customers down as they transition into shopping mode