Which military history-inspired retail innovation was originally developed during WWII and revolutionized inventory tracking in stores worldwide?

The aftermath of major military conflicts has often sparked retail innovations that we take for granted today. Many logistics systems, inventory management techniques, and retail technologies have roots in military applications before becoming civilian standards. This poll explores how military history influenced a significant retail innovation that transformed how stores manage their operations.

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Barcode scanning technology, derived from radar identification systems used to distinguish enemy aircraft from allied planes
RFID inventory tracking, adapted from IFF (Identify Friend or Foe) technology used to identify aircraft
Self-checkout kiosks, inspired by automated ammunition loading systems on naval vessels
Electronic shelf labels, based on field communication displays used for troop coordination