Which groundbreaking technology, first commercially deployed in 1997, is widely credited as the foundation for modern mobile commerce?

The way we shop has been transformed by technological innovations throughout history. Mobile commerce (m-commerce) represents one of the most significant retail revolutions in recent decades, allowing consumers to make purchases anytime, anywhere using their mobile devices. This trivia question explores the pioneering technology that laid the foundation for today's $3.5 trillion mobile commerce industry. Test your knowledge about this pivotal moment in retail history!

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WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) that allowed mobile phones to access simplified versions of websites
SMS-based payment systems that enabled consumers to purchase via text message
The first BlackBerry device with integrated email capabilities
QR code technology that linked physical products to online information