Which ancient civilization invented the world's first known standardized packaging system for retail goods, using sealed clay containers with product labels and merchant stamps?

Before modern shopping malls and e-commerce, ancient civilizations created sophisticated retail systems that would influence commerce for millennia. From specialized market districts to early loyalty programs, retail innovation has deep historical roots. This poll explores one of the most significant retail innovations from the ancient world that revolutionized how people shopped and established patterns we still see today.

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Mesopotamians, who created stamped clay bullae (seals) to guarantee product quality and origin around 3500 BCE
Ancient Egyptians, who developed papyrus packaging with hieroglyphic labels for export products around 2000 BCE
Phoenicians, who pioneered ceramic amphora with painted merchant marks for Mediterranean trade goods around 1200 BCE
Indus Valley civilization, who created uniform stone weights and marked containers for standardized market exchange around 2600 BCE