Which product-tracking technology, invented in 1973, is widely considered the forerunner to modern retail IoT and revolutionized inventory management?

The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed retail by connecting everyday objects to the internet, enabling data collection and remote management. But the journey to today's smart retail environment had humble beginnings. This poll tests your knowledge about a groundbreaking moment in retail IoT history that changed how we think about connected products and inventory management. Do you know which innovation first bridged the gap between physical products and digital tracking?

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Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode system
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags
Near Field Communication (NFC) chips
Electronic Shelf Labels (ESLs)