Which mathematical algorithm fundamentally transformed retail personalization and is considered the backbone of many modern product recommendation systems?

In today's data-driven retail world, mathematics plays a crucial role in how products are recommended to consumers. Advanced algorithms analyze our shopping patterns to create personalized experiences. This poll tests your knowledge about the mathematical foundations behind retail personalization technology that shapes our everyday shopping experiences. Do you know which mathematical model revolutionized how online retailers recommend products?

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Matrix Factorization (used in collaborative filtering)
Dijkstra's Algorithm (used in path optimization)
Monte Carlo Tree Search (used in decision analysis)
Fourier Transform (used in signal processing)