Which scientific breakthrough has been most crucial in enabling advanced retail IoT shelf monitoring systems that detect low stock in real-time?

The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing scientific approaches to retail management. Modern stores now deploy sophisticated sensor networks that collect vast amounts of data for analysis. These systems leverage machine learning algorithms and real-time analytics to optimize operations from inventory management to customer experience. How well do you understand the cutting-edge science behind retail IoT implementations that are transforming the industry?

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Computer vision algorithms using convolutional neural networks that can identify product gaps and misplacements with minimal computational resources
Quantum computing processors that can simultaneously process inventory data from thousands of RFID tags
Blockchain-based distributed ledger systems that validate and record every product movement on shelves
Gravitational wave sensors that detect minute changes in shelf mass when products are removed