Which mathematical technique forms the foundation of collaborative filtering, one of the most widely used approaches in e-commerce recommendation systems?

Recommendation systems power modern e-commerce, suggesting products you might like based on your browsing and purchase history. But behind these suggestions lie sophisticated mathematical algorithms that transform data into personalized recommendations. This poll tests your knowledge of the mathematics that powers these retail recommendation systems, which are revolutionizing how consumers discover products and how retailers boost sales.

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Matrix factorization (identifying latent features through dimensionality reduction of the user-item interaction matrix)
Bayesian networks (creating probabilistic graphical models that represent conditional dependencies between random variables)
Fourier transforms (decomposing purchasing patterns into frequency components to identify periodic buying behaviors)
Monte Carlo simulation (generating random purchase scenarios to predict the most likely next purchase)