Which retail-inspired product innovation was first widely adopted by government election agencies to modernize voting systems?

Government services are increasingly adopting retail-inspired strategies to improve citizen engagement and service delivery. One fascinating area is how voting systems have evolved with technology. This poll tests your knowledge about a significant product innovation in electoral systems that changed how citizens participate in democratic processes. Can you identify the correct technological innovation that first gained widespread government adoption?

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Blockchain-based digital voting systems (first implemented nationwide in Estonia in 2005)
Direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting machines (first widely deployed in the United States following the 2000 election)
Mobile phone voting applications (first implemented nationally in South Korea in 2012)
Biometric voter verification systems (first deployed countrywide in India's 2009 general election)