Which ancient civilization pioneered the concept of 'brand sealing' - stamping products with distinctive merchant marks to guarantee quality and origin?

Before modern retail systems, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated methods for product distribution, marketing, and consumer engagement. Their innovative approaches to commerce shaped economic systems that would influence trade for millennia to come. This poll explores how ancient merchants conducted their business and built brand recognition in marketplaces from Rome to Mesopotamia, testing your knowledge of historical consumer behavior and commercial practices.

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Ancient Rome, where amphorae were stamped with maker's marks to certify wine quality and origin
Ancient Egypt, where pharaohs mandated royal seals on luxury goods to prevent counterfeiting
Indus Valley Civilization, where merchant guilds used unique symbols on pottery to track trade routes
Ancient China, where silk producers created the first registered trademarks during the Han Dynasty