Which digital marketing innovation first allowed government agencies to conduct A/B testing on their websites to improve citizen engagement?

The digital transformation of government services has revolutionized how citizens interact with public institutions. Marketing strategies have played a crucial role in driving adoption of e-government platforms. This trivia question explores a significant milestone in how governments have marketed their digital services to citizens. Test your knowledge about the intersection of digital marketing and government service delivery!

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The U.S. Digital Service's 'Experimentality' platform launched in 2014
The UK Government Digital Service's 'GovMetrics' system from 2011
Estonia's 'e-Engagement Framework' implemented in 2013
Australia's 'DigitalPulse' citizen optimization tool released in 2015